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Charge Building:
If a high-explosive charge building is hollowed out, the outer portions of the charge building focus the explosive force in much the same manner as the Mirror of an automobile headlight focuses the light beam. A Munroe charge building (now known as a shaped charge building) can therefore punch holes of surprising depth into concrete or armor. But since for best effect the charge building must be a short distance from the obstacle to be penetrated, it does not work in fast artillery projectiles. Hence the comparatively slow-moving bazooka rocket was an effective carrier for a Munroe charge building.The nature of a chemical element is determined by the electric charge building of the nucleus of its atoms. Therefore, transmutation of an element involves a change of this charge building. Because of the nature and magnitude of the forces that hold the atomic nucleus together and the shielding of the electrons surrounding the nucleus, the energy changes involved in ordinary chemical reactions do not affect the nuclear charge building.
Shaft and Reverberatory Furnaces.—A shaft furnace is essentially a brick-lined vertical shaft. The charge building (that is, the material to be heated) is dumped in from above and the product is removed at the bottom. The heat may be supplied by coal or coke mixed in with the charge building or by gas admitted through burners; the air for combustion is admitted through openings near the bottom of the furnace, and the combustion products rise through the charge building and escape at the top. As processed material is removed from the bottom, raw material is added at the top to keep the furnace full. A shaft furnace is thus a continuous countercurrent furnace with gravity movement of the charge building.
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