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Furnace Walls And:
Furnace Temperature and Heat Transfer. —The temperature of combustion furnaces ranges from a few hundred degrees for drying processes to 3000° F for steelmaking furnaces. The flame is hotter than the furnace walls and the mate™' processed. Heat is transferred from the : and combustion products by radiation, the i: anism by which visible light is propagated through space, and convection, a transfer arising from contact between a gas (or liquid) and a surface at different temperatures. Conduction, a third mechanism of heat flow, permits temperature equalization in a solid that receives heat at its surface, and also causes heat loss through the walls of the furnace.Fuel Economy.—Fuel economy is an important consideration in modern furnace practice. Part of the heat supplied to the furnace is used to heat the processed material and, in many processes, to supply heat of chemical reaction. Much of the heat may be lost in the escaping combustion products and by conduction through the walls of the furnace. Losses through the wall- are minimized by use of insulating materials.
In addition to the preformed shapes, refractory products include finely ground refractories, used mainly as mortar for laying the shapes; and granular materials of various compositions, which serve mainly for forming furnace bottoms. They are also used for making repairs in furnace walls and bottoms.
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